{"id":5772,"date":"2017-03-14T20:00:41","date_gmt":"2017-03-14T17:00:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bt.qu.edu.iq\/\/?p=5772"},"modified":"2024-03-09T17:42:46","modified_gmt":"2024-03-09T14:42:46","slug":"%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%84-pcr-%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%81","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bt.qu.edu.iq\/?p=5772","title":{"rendered":"\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 (pcr) \u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 ) \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 ( \u0625\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA amplification ) \u0648\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0641\u0643 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 DNA- polymerase\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0647 .<\/h5>\n
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\u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 “polymerase chain reaction” \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 (\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0633) kary Mullis \u0648(\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0627) Fred faloona \u0641\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Cetus Corporation \u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u2013 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1985 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 ( \u0627\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0649 ) Escherichia coli \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 in vitro amplification .<\/h5>\n
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\n\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1988 \u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0649) Ronald saiki \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 (\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0633) Kary mullis \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 thermos aquaticus\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0645 Taq polymerase \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 Taq\u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 Taq polymerase \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 90\u00ba \u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 Pfu Polymerase \u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627PyroCoccus Furious \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 100\u00ba\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0641 .
\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Cetus \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Perkin- Elmer \u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u0645 Automated thermal cycler \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0626 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 200 \u062b\u0645 400 \u062b\u0645 800 \u062b\u0645 1600 \u062b\u0645 3200 \u062b\u0645 6400 \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 20 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 .<\/h5>\n
\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0626\u0630 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u0623\u0636\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u0646\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626(Primer) \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u0649 DNA \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0621\u064a\u0646) .
\n\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 PCR \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u064a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626 DNA \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0646\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628) \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 DNA \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 (‘3) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 (‘5) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f .
\n3) \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0649 :
\nDeoxy thymidine triphosphate (dTTP)
\nDeoxy cytidine triphosphate (dCTP)
\nDeoxy adenosine triphosphate (dATP)
\nDeoxy guanosine triphosphate (dGTP)<\/h5>\n
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\n\u2022 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0636 RNA \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u0632 \u2013 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0626\u0630 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u2013 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 DNA \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 PCR \u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626 DNA .
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1) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 PCR \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u0632
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\n\u2022 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 PCR \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0649 Gel electrophoresis \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 Primer \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647 .<\/h5>\n
\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648 (Paabo) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062e\u0627\u062e \u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 Egyptian Mummies .
\n\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0647 PCR \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0649 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0647\u062f\u0641\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 .<\/h5>\n
\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 DNA<\/b><\/span><\/h5>\n
\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a Nucleotides \u2013 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a .
\n\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a .
\n\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 (\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0631) Frederick sanger \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 (\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0631) \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1958 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1953 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1980 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0623\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (94) \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1975 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 MOI-BioI . J \u060c \u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (74) \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1977 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 Proc.NationalACad.Sci \u060c \u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (214) \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1981 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 Science \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 (\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0631) \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0623\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 (PCR) \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 DNA- polymerase \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 Primer \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0632 ( \u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a ) deoxy nucleotides \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 DNA .
\n\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0649 DNA \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 (OH) \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (3) \u0641\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 (OH) \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f .<\/h5>\n
\n
\n
\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 (\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0631 ) \u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629<\/b><\/span><\/h5>\n
\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 (\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0631) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 DNA Polymerase \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0645\u0634\u0639 Labelled primer \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a Deoxy nucleotide triphosphate \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f . \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0649 \u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a 2,3- dideoxy nucleotides \u0648\u0647\u0649 :
\nDideoxy thy midline triphosphate (ddTTP)
\nDidexoy cytidine triphosphate (ddCTP)
\nDidexy adenosine triphosphate (ddATP)
\nDideoxy guanosine triphosphate (ddGTP)
\n\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 (OH) \u0641\u0649 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (3) \u0641\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 DNA \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0630\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0649 \u062f\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 DNA \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f .
\n\u0648\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 .<\/h5>\n
* \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0631 DNA- Sequencing :<\/span>
\n. \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 A restriction enzyme \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u0649 DNA \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0639 Fragments\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0641\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 .
\n2. \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 .
\n3. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 DNA- elution .
\n4. \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 amplification \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639 DNA \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 (PCR) \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 Primer \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0649 \u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a (\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0646 ddATP ) .
\n5. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 (OH) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 (3) \u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u2013 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0633\u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u062c\u0632\u0626 ( \u062f\u0627\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f ) \u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0649 \u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f ( ddATP) \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 .
\n6. \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0649 \u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0646 ( ddTTP ) \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0626\u0630 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0649 \u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f ( ddTTP ) .
\n7. \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0649 \u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f ddCTP \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f ddGTP .
\n8. \u062a\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0640 DNA \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u0641\u0631 wells \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u2013 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0639 DNA \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0649 \u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a .. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629 Lane .
\n\u064a\u0624\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0641\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 ( \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 ) \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626 DNA \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 .
\n\u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a A. Maxam &W. Gilbert \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u0649 DNA \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 74 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1977 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 Proc National Acad Sci \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u062f\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b . \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627 Automated \u0628\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1986 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 lionization – laser desorption \u2013 Assisted \u2013 Matrix MALDI-) time \u2013 of \u2013 flight mass spectrometry \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0628\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0639 DNA \u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 detector \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u2013 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u2013 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Sequenom \u0641\u0649 (\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u062c\u0648) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629.
\n– \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f 16 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (1998) \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 Science \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 miniaturization \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 Chips \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b micro fluides \u0648\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u2013 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f .
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\n– \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1977 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 Eukaryotes \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626 DNA \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 .
\n\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0649 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 7-100 \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631” minisatellite” \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645” \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 minisatellite \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f variable number of tandem repeat(VNTR)
\n\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 100.000 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0649 :
\n1- \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 ” \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 ” \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 .
\n2- \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064f PCR \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 Primer \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 .
\n3- \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u2013 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062d\u062c\u0645 . \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0649 Gel electrophoresis<\/h5>\n
\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u064a\u0629 <\/u><\/span><\/h5>\n
\u2022 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0635\u0631 Restriction enzyme .
\n\u2022 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 amplification \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u0649 DNA \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 minisatellites \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 PCR \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 Flanking \u2013 Sequence Primers \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 .
\n\u2022 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0649 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 DNA \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u2013 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f .<\/h5>\n
\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0633\u0632\u0631\u0646” “Southern blotting \u0641\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 “<\/u><\/span><\/h5>\n
\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0649 :
\n\u2022 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 DNA \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 PCR \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u0625\u0646 minisatellites \u0633\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0640 DNA .
\n\u2022 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 .
\n\u2022 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0626 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 .
\n\u2022 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 Cellulose nitrate filter \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 blotting \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 (\u0633\u0632\u0631\u0646) \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 .
\n\u2022 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a DNA \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0629 labelled DNA probes \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0640 minisatellites \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0648\u062d \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0640 minisatellites \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0640 minisatellites \u0645\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 (X)
\n\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h5>\n
\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 (Genomic library)<\/span><\/b><\/h5>\n
\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 ( \u0623\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a ) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 Tetranucteotide \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 Haelll \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 GGCC \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 Sau3A \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 GATC \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0649 gel electrophrosis \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0627 Lambda virus \u0648\u0641\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0649 ( 3 \u00d7 610 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0632 \u2013 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0649 200.000 \u062c\u0632\u0621 ) \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0633 Probe \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647 .
\n\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 20 \u2013 25 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0632 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0649 ( YAC ) Yeast Artificial chromosome \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 100 \u2013 1000 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0632 (\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f) \u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 Not I \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a GCGGCCGC<\/b><\/h5>\n
\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0645\u0644 ( cDNA Library )<\/b><\/u><\/span><\/h5>\n
“Complementary DNA Library “<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0636 ( cDNA ) \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 .
\n\u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u062d\u0645\u0636 m-RNA \u0646\u0627\u0636\u062c \u0623\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a introns \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 DNA \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 m-RNA \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0649 reverse transcriptase \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 ( T ) \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u0649 m-RNA \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f ( A ) \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 poly aden ylic tail \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 ( 3′ ) \u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0649 c DNA \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 m- RNA \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0637\u0647 ( \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u0631 ) hairpin loop \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 primer \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 DNA \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 \u2013 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 cDNA \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 cDNA \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 .
\n\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0649 :
\n– \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a exons \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0630\u0648 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 .
\n– \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 ( m- RNA ) \u0641\u0647\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u2013 \u0648\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 .
\n– \u0641\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 .
\n– \u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 .
\n– \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 c- DNA \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/h5>\n
\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644(PCR)<\/span>
\n\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0649:-
\n1. \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647:-
\n\u0641\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0633\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644 (DNA)\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 30 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0648 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 (DNA)\u0641\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 3 \u0625\u0644\u0649 5 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 .
\n2. \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0647:-
\n\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644(DNA) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 .
\n3. \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647:-
\n\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 (DNA) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644(DNA)\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0649 .
\n\u2022 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628\u0647
\n1. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641
\n2. \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644(DNA).
\n3. \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e
\n\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645 (Taq polymerase)\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 (proof reading).<\/h5>\n
\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u061f \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0626 \u062d\u0645\u0636 DNA … \u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5773,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5772","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-5"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bt.qu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5772","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bt.qu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bt.qu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bt.qu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bt.qu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5772"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/bt.qu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5772\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21476,"href":"https:\/\/bt.qu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5772\/revisions\/21476"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bt.qu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5773"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bt.qu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5772"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bt.qu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5772"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bt.qu.edu.iq\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5772"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}